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2	"To measure is to know" To measure is to know. -- J.C. Maxwell, French physicist
3	Variables for Temperature Measurement Design of sensors Bimetal, RTD, thermocouple, thermistor Temperature acquisition equipment Design of equipment Batch or continuous Where are the coldest and hottest pieces? Type of product Sausages, patties, cured meats Shape of pieces, casings, molds Application Endpoint check (CCP) Process validation (F-value) Oven validation
4	Variables for Temperature Measurement Design of sensors Design of equipment Type of product Application
5	History of Temperature Measurement
6	History of Temperature Measurement Gabriel Fahrenheit Invented the mercury thermometer (1724)
7	Variables for Temperature Measurement Design of sensors Bimetal, RTD, thermocouple, thermistor, infrared Pocket, handheld, hard-wired Design of equipment Type of product Application
8	Design of Sensors -- What can we expect for accuracy? Typical specifications (will vary by manufacturer) Bimetal thermometer: + 1.8^oF Thermocouple (premium T): + 0.75^oF Thermistor: + 0.5^oF Platinum RTD (Class A): + 0.3^oF Infrared (surface only): + 1.0^oF Temperature labels (surface only): + 5.0^oF
9	Design of Sensors -- Pocket probes
10	Design of Sensors -- Handheld Digital Thermometers
11	Design of Sensors -- Bimetal vs Electronic (handheld) Strengths of Bimetal (Dial) Thermometers No battery Durable Inexpensive Weaknesses Less accurate (+1.8^oF vs +1.0^oF) Slow response (20 s vs 5 s) Sensing zone is too long (1.75" vs 0.10")
12	Design of Sensors -- Bimetal vs Electronic
13	Design of Sensors -- Recommended specifications for meat industry Accuracy = +1^oF (many are +1.8^oF) Response time = 5 sec or less Resolution = 0.1 degree Temperature range = 0 to 200^oF Probe length = 4" or longer Probe diameter = 1/16" Waterproof Field calibrate Automatic shut-off Both ^oC and ^oF
14	Design of Sensors Portable Data Loggers Single or multi-point Must be able to download data to Excel
15	Design of Sensors Calibration
16	Variables for Temperature Measurement Design of sensors Design of equipment Batch or continuous Where are the coldest and hottest pieces? Type of product Application
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25	Variables for Temperature Measurement Design of sensors Design of equipment Type of product Sausages, patties, cured meats, casings, molds Shape of pieces Appropriate sensors and procedures Application
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31	Variables for Temperature Measurement Design of sensors Design of equipment Type of product Application Endpoint checks Real-time tracking F-value calculations Oven validation
32	Application Endpoint food safety and quality checks Pocket or handheld probes
33	Application Real-time tracking F-value data collection Wall-mounted multi-point temperature acquisition Download data to Excel
34	Application Oven validation (batch and continuous) F-value data collection Portable multi-point temperature acquisition Download data to Excel
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37	Key Points for Temperature Measurement Make the move to electronic thermometers Digital thermometers are more accurate and faster than bimetal Don't have to worry about "averaging" error Know your cooking equipment Determine the hot and cold zones and measure those pieces Establish good temperature measurement procedures Write up measurement procedures for various products Set time limits for accurate IT temperature measurements Use the right sensor for the right application Pocket or handheld for endpoint checks Portable or wall-mount for data collection and tracking Calibrate against a dry-block calibrator When you write QA and HACCP requirements . . . . . . leave yourself some wiggle room (+ 1^oF)
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39	"Conclusion" Conclusion The act of observing any phenomenon affects the observed phenomenon. -- Werner Heisenberg
40	Source Information DeltaTrak www.deltatrak.com Pocket probe Model 11025 Lollipop probe Model 12201 Pocket six-point data logger Model 20506 "Flash-check" folding thermometer Model 15000 Dickson www.dicksonweb.com Handheld digital thermometer Model TH100 Portable one-point data logger Model HT120 Omega www.omega.com Handheld digital thermometer Model HH64 Cole-Parmer www.coleparmer.com Dry-block calibrator Model U-90910-00 Hypodermic tip thermocouple Model EW-93601-04 Mesa Medical www.mesalabs.com Datatrace "Micropack" probes Model LoTemp